However, his prized Caribbean Dominican Republic annexation was rejected by the Senate. His foreign policy was mostly peaceful, without war, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain skillfully resolved. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into White culture. The Panic of 1873 plunged the nation into a severe economic depression that allowed the Democrats to win the House majority. The Liberal Republicans and Democrats united behind Grant's opponent in the 1872 presidential election, but Grant was handily reelected. In 1871, he created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868.Īs president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, and crushed the Ku Klux Klan. Later, Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army in 1866. After Lee fled Petersburg, Grant surrounded and captured his army at Appomattox, where Lee formally surrendered to Grant. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign, which gained control of the Mississippi River, dealing a serious strategic blow to the Confederacy, splitting it in two. He joined the Union Army shortly after the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and rose to prominence after winning early Union victories in the western theater. He resigned from the army in 1854 but returned to civilian life impoverished. Admitted to West Point, Grant graduated in the class of 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. Later, as president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction.īorn and raised in Ohio, Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses. As commanding general, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as U.S. Grant ( / juː ˈ l ɪ s iː z/ yoo- LISS-eez born Hiram Ulysses Grant April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
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